The future of sewage sludge management is pivotal to achieving circularity, climate neutrality, and environmental compliance in wastewater treatment. This presentation will outline a comprehensive vision on final sludge treatment in the Netherlands toward 2050. It evaluates existing and emerging technologies based on continuity, sustainability, futureproofing, and cost-effectiveness. Key drivers include stricter EU regulations on nutrient discharge, micro-pollutant removal, and greenhouse gas emissions, alongside ambitions for 100% circularity.

The studied technologies are divided into three groups: complete incineration (e.g., mono-incineration), energy densification (e.g., Torwash, HTC), and resource recovery (e.g., HTL, MID MIX). While current technologies remain robust and near energy-neutral, innovations must demonstrate superior environmental performance and market viability. The executed study emphasizes the importance of phosphorus and nitrogen recovery, carbon valorisation, and minimizing emissions of PFAS and microplastics.

A strategic framework is proposed for selecting and supporting promising technologies, including the development of a sustainability benchmark. The findings underscore the need for sector-wide collaboration, modular infrastructure, and long-term policy alignment. Ultimately, the study provides a roadmap for maximizing the value of sludge while safeguarding public health and the environment.