Biosolids are nutrient-rich organic materials derived from sewage sludge treatment that contain nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter, making them valuable fertilisers for agricultural soils. However, biosolids may also contain a variety of contaminants, including microplastics, PFAS, and pharmaceuticals, which remain unregulated. It is well known that these contaminants pose potential environmental and human health risks and their presence in biosolids and other bioresources may hinder nutrient circularity, food production and other vital ecosystem services in the future. To help navigate these challenges, this presentation will share key findings from analysis carried out by eftec (on behalf of Fidra) which sought to assess the socio-economic implications of continued biosolids application to farmland, and to compare this practice against alternative sludge treatment options. Soil contamination impacts were assessed using a natural capital and human health framework to estimate the socio‑economic values at risk. The analysis summarises contaminant pathways and risk mechanisms, building on recent evidence, including findings from James Hutton Institute (2024) and Defra (2025). It assesses how continued biosolids application may affect environmental and human health outcomes, such as water quality and antimicrobial resistance. Central to the analysis is a structured comparison of ˜business as usual" land application against alternative sludge treatment options in the UK, including incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification. Key trade-offs and evidence gaps will be identified, and UK policy recommendations will be made. Overall, Fidra seeks stronger regulatory controls and safer long-term management of sewage sludge in the UK and encourages water industries, regulators and policy makers to develop a clear road map for tackling the ongoing challenges associated with the recycling of contaminated bioresources to land, in line with Government circular economy and environmental improvement commitments.